insufficiently communicated between the services, resulting in an expectation that not all patients will receive appropriate and timely intervention in case of a long-lasting power outage. • Health care services dependency on wireless technology: Health care services have to a large degree replaced regular visits from health care personnel with different forms of wireless technology such as personal safety alarms, which is expected to lose functionality in a long lasting power outage. • Dependency fuel supply: Healthcare buildings that are equipped with generators will be dependent on steady resupply of fuel and maintenance to ensure continued and safe core functions. Infrastructure remaining in operation during the longer scenarios will be dependent on steady resupply of fuel and maintenance to ensure continued functions. • Dependency on charging possibilities for cars: The majority of municipal service cars (approx. 80%) is expected to be unavailable due to loss of charging possibilities in a power outage lasting longer than 24 hours. Home nursing and other services will need to reduce service or find alternative transports. • Access to potable water will vary across institutions dependent on elevation level. 4.2 Stavanger – vulnerabilities related to power outage in electronical communication services In Stavanger the following findings have been identified: • The most critical input factor for electronical communication is power supply. Hence, a scenario with power outage will have major impact on electronical communication services. • Electronical communication services is crucial in today's society. Almost all other vital societal functions rely on electronical communication services, and disruption can quickly lead to cascading effects and severe consequences for citizens. • There is a need for increased awareness both within companies responsible for critical tasks, and among stakeholders who must collaborate to handle long-lasting events with potential to affect the whole society. • Stakeholders must have knowledge of how an outage in electronical communication services will affect their ability to perform tasks. Furthermore, it is crucial that necessary measures to reduce vulnerability are implemented, and that stakeholders have a plan for how to handle the situation. The scenarios described in this analysis will affect the entire community and require a great deal of interaction. Good collaboration is crucial, both in the planning and handling phase. The cooperatives must use alternative communication solutions, with other limitations and possibilities than they are used to (such as satellite radios), or meet face to face to exchange information, coordinate and interact. • More and more services and functions are being digitized and units are connected online (IoT). Welfare technology is an example of this. Innovation and development of new services are largely based on support from telecommunications, which makes the society’s dependence on electronical communication services even stronger. • The work with this assessment has made the City of Stavanger more aware of what can happen in case of an outage of power and electronical communication services. Because of this, long-lasting loss of power and electronical communication services will be highlighted in the revised risk and vulnerability analysis 44 49
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